General aspects of tin-free antifouling paints.
نویسنده
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Hull roughness and antifouling paint
The fouling of ships and propellers results in a reduction of speed, increased fuel consumption, and consequently, losses of both time and money. The previous studies found that a speed reduction of 0.03 knots would occur due to increased friction resulting from 10μm increase in surface roughness. This would increase fuel consumption by 1%, energy savings can then be easily converted into emiss...
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Tributyltin (TBT) and other organotin compounds have been restricted for use on leisure boats since 1989 in the EU. Nonetheless, release of TBT is observed from leisure boats during hull maintenance work, such as pressure hosing. In this work, we used a handheld X-ray Fluorescence analyser (XRF) calibrated for antifouling paint matrixes to measure tin, copper and zinc in antifouling paints coat...
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Biofouling of experimental cages and other field apparatuses can be problematic for scientists and has traditionally been addressed using frequent manual removal (e.g., scraping, scrubbing). Recent environmental restrictions and legislative changes have driven the development of less hazardous antifouling products, making antifouling paint a potential alternative option to manual removal. Conse...
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The tributyltin-based products and organic biocides which are incorporated into antifouling paints have had a negative impact on the marine environment, and the ban on tributyltin-based antifouling products has urged the industry to find substitutes to prevent the development of fouling on ship hulls. Natural antifouling agents could be isolated from marine resources, providing an alternative o...
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ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Chemical reviews
دوره 103 9 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2003